Rachel Fuller Brown and Elizabeth Lee Hazen, Nystatin

 BIOGRAPHY:

Rachel Fuller Brown was born on the 23rd of November, 1898 in Springfield, Massachusetts. Her father was George Hamilton Brown, and her mother Annie Brown.

She was an American biochemist, she studied at Harvard University, Mount Holyoke College and at the University of Chicago. She got the degree on Physic and Chemistry in the year 1920.

In the year 1948 she started a project with Elisabeth Lee Hazen, this led to a discovery, they found an antibiotic called Nystatin. It´s the first fungicide against fungi applicable to humans. It´s useful in cutaneous and mucosa infections, produced by Candida Abbicons

Se died on die 14th of Junary 1980 in Albany, New York

https://mujeresconciencia.com/2014/11/23/rachel-fuller-brown-quimica/

Elizabeth was born on 24th of August, 1885 in Rich ( Mississippi). She died on the 24th of Juliy 1975. She became an orphan at the age of 3.

In 1931, she worked in the department of the state of New York, she found the sources of leukemia,She also founded the fungi that spoil poorly preserver food and how it works

At the department, she did studies of fungi and discovered treatments for fungal diseases.

https://mujeresconciencia.com/2015/08/24/elizabeth-lee-hazen-microbiologa/

INVETION:NYSTATIN

It acts as fungistatic and fungicide, depending on the concetration. It binds to the sterols of the cell membrane of fungi, whoose spatial configuation disorganizes, which lets to an alteration of the permeability of the membrane with loss of amino-acids, purines and ions by the fungi, with alteration of cellular metabolism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystatin

      CLATONIA JOAQUIN DORTICUS  

Clatonia Joaquin Dorticus was a Scientist who was born in     

Cuba in 1863, but she makes her home  in Newton, N.Jersey. 

Little is known for her personal life.

 In regards to her inventions, she left an enduring legacy in               innovations in developning photographic print and negative             was machine. She also invented an inproved machine for                 embossing photographs.

 Her machine was designed to both mount and emboss a                  photographic print.

 Embossing is a method of raising parts of a photograph for a           3D look for relief her machine had a bed plate, a die, and a               pressure bar and bearings. she got the patent for this on July of         1894. It was referenced by two other patents in the 1950's. 

Every one thought that Clatonia was a man because there was not informaton of her life or photos. 

LILLIAN MOLLER GILBRETH

LILLIAN MOLLER GILBRETH

She was an American Psychologist. She was one of the first females engineers to get a doctorate. Her Works were developped in the area of industrial engineering.
She was born on 24th of May, 1878 in Oakland, Arizona.
She got married in 1904 to Frank Burker Gilbreth.
In 1911 she made her first important publication of her investigation: "Study of the movement". In 1915 she got her doctorate on psychologist at Brown University. She worked with her husband in the direction of the Jhonshon and Jhonshon company.

She put shelves in the door of the fridge and she invented the trash pedal and the electric blender.

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Marjorie Stewart Joyner: Permanent Wave Machine

Marjorie Stewart Joyner

Marjorie was a woman who tried to solve African-american women's hair problems.

https://mujeresconciencia.com

HER LIFE

She was born on 1896 in Monterrey as the daughter of a teacher and a housewife, descendants of slaves.

Her parents got divorced and a few years later and she moved to Chicago.

Before she opened her beauty salon, she married Robert E. Joyner, a student of medicine.

STUDIES AND JOBS

There, she began working as a cleaner and as a waitress while she was in high school, which she could not finish.

Later , in an another school she graduated and was the first black person to graduate from that prodigious academy of cosmetics and beauty.

She opened a small beauty salon where she became famous for her ability with the "Marcel wave".

As straight hairstyle was difficult to do on black women, she decided to take lessons from a famous hairstylist for these women to release their complexes.

INVENTION

http://myauctionfinds.com

In 1919 she started to work in famous beauty salon ”The Walker Company ” ,and after the death of the head of the salon, Joyner became the head of the company .

In 1926, she wanted to solve the problem of most African-American's to straighten their hair so she created a machine to make it permanent.

She registered her machine in 1928 but could not be considered the inventor because a German man had already had the idea.A few years after making black women happy,

she  died in 1994 at the age of 98 in Chicago.

OUR PERSONAL OPINION

In our personal opinion, we think she was nice because she thought about helping black woman to overcome their complexes and feel better.

URL:

https://mujeresconciencia.com/2018/02/02/marjorie-stewart-joyner-1896-1994/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Joyner

By: Laura and Jun

Mary Kies First American woman to obtain a patent

        Mary Kies           

Biography:
  

Mary Dixon was born in Killingly, Connecticut (United States) on March 21, 1752. She

was born to a family of farmers, daughter of  John and Janet Kennedy Dixon.

She married Isaac Pike I, and in 1770 they had a son named Isaac Pike II .

After his death she married John Kies. When John Kies died, she went to Brooklyn,

New York to live with her second son, Daniel Kies.

She had 3 children; Isaac Pike II , Daniel Kies and Abigail Kies.

Unfortunately, she died at the age of 85, in 1837, in New York.

Picture extracted from:  http://esceptica.org/2015/05/06/bios-mary-dixon-kies/ 

                                                 

                                               Invention:

Kies invented and patented a new method by which the weaving of straw with silk and thread became more effective. This method reduced costs when manufacturing hats. She worked in Massachusetts.

Due to the Napoleonic wars, it was very difficult to import goods to the United States. They sold hats made of silk to the people that worked in the countryside.

But she not only invented that method, she was the first American woman to obtain a patent.

At that time, the women weren’t authorized to have possessions in their name. Unfortunately, the patent was destroyed because there was a fire in 1836 at the Patent Office.

She didn’t became rich because of the patent, but other people benefited from it.

Picture extracted from: https://mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.com/2016/05/siglo-xviii-mary-dixon-kies.html 

References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dixon_Kies

http://proyectomatematicasyarte.blogspot.com/2017/11/mary-dixon-kies-primera-mujer-con-una.html

https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/mary-kies

http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2011/11/mary-kies.html

By: Mariam Kheta and Yasmin Zegaa

Sally Fox

SALLY FOX 

Extracted from:

http://www.women-inventors.com/Sally-Fox.asp

We are talking about Sally Fox. She was a revolutionary inventor, because she invented the Fox Fibre. 

Biography:

She was born in 1845 in Southeast Ohio.

She was the second daughter of her parents( Aaron and Mary ). Her father died when she was a child. 

There, "the fox widow, which was how Mary was known, got married again to Alpha Brown, who was recently widowed with two children, one of whom was disable.

The Industrial Revolution produced a new type of loom that needed a new type of cotton and a lot of resistance, so the great variety of cotton of different colors and resistance was the mono culture of white cotton. Sally Fox invented again a little quantity of seed of brown cotton. Fox started to investigate until she created a long fiber colored cotton, that was commercial viable. The invention was called Fox Fibre.

Finally, Sally Fox died on the 7th of February 1913, after living a good life.

Personal opinion:

We think that this invent is so important and the inventor has a lot of merit 

ERNA SCHNEIDER HOOVER

ERNA SCHNEIDER HOOVER

IMAGE EXTRACTED FROM:     http://mujeresconciencia.com/app/uploads/2017/06/erna.jpg

Biography:

Erna Schneider Hoover was born in Irvington (New Jersey) on June 19, 1926. She studied philosophy and classical history, when she was only 20 years old. Her brother died at the age of 8. On 1953 she married Charles Wilson Hoover and he helped her with electronical things that Erna didn´t know.In 1987 Hoover was retired after 32 years in "Bell Labs". Since then she has been dedicated to spred the importance of education at all levels.

In 1954 she entered the center "Bell Labs" in Homdel (New Jersey). Six years later she launched a first fully electronic telephone in Morris (Illinois) but this invention wasn´t good, so thanks to his knowledge in logic and in theory of feedback, Hoover programmed the control devices of a telephone exchange, so that incoming call data could be used to impose order on the entire system. Finally, in 1965 the invention of Hoover was presented by "Bell Labs" as the most ambitious project of it´s history. 

Invention: 

Erna Schneider Hoover was the first woman to discovered feedback control monitor for stored program data processing system.

IMAGE EXTRACTED FROM: https://dounplxsvevsn.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Grace-Hopper-with-team.jpg

Daniel Carindatoiu y Guillermo Gil

             Letitia Mumford Geer

  Life: Letitia Mumford Geer born in 1852 in New York and died on 18 july of 1935,died at the age of 83 years old.She studied medicine.She
didn't marry.

Family: Father: George Warren Geer (1843-1917)

Mother: Cornelia Matilda Geer (1851-1921)

Brothers:4 Gurdon Saltonstall Mumford Geer,John Mumford Geer,

Sisters: No

Invention:One-hand operated syringe,is the name of the invention of Letitia Geer.

A person can use it without the aid of an assistant.

And of course you can use it of only one hand,because

before a person need to use the “normal syringe” with

2 hands.This invention is very important in the medicine.

CITATIONS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Mumford_Geer

https://steemit.com/cervantes/@tanita249/mujeres-que-cambiaron-el-mundo-cap-01-letitia-mumford-geer

https://patents.google.com/patent/US622848A/en

VIDEO

https://youtu.be/-dp_AtA4tjE

Sarah Mather - Underwater periscope

SARAH MATHER

Itś considerated that Sarah Mather was born in Brooklyn , New York in 1796 but the biographical data of this woman are few. 

According to the Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science , Sarah got married and had one daugther, no more data is known.

She invented the aquascope in 1845, it is consisted of a tube with a lamp attached to one end of it, that can be sunk into the water to illuminate the objects with it.

This invention allows to visualize objects underwater, but with its 
later editions, the aquascope calculates the distances between     
objects, its size and therefore it has been added to the submarines of United States' armies.
But also the soldies on earth use the periscopes to keep them hidden in the trenches and attack their ennemies with surprise.
But Sarah thought her object would be used to see in water, avoid objects, fish or dogde rocks.

Later, she included a lamp to improve the display of the objects.
She could survive all her life with her invention.
However, until the time of his death on June 21, 1868, women were
 not accepted in the repair work of submarines.

Sources:

https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Mather

https://blogs.20minutos.es/ciencia-para-llevar-csic/2017/10/25/sarah-mather-la-desconocida-inventora-del-periscopio/

https://www.kienyke.com/kien-fue/sarah-mather-inventora-de-periscopio

By Lucía Chen and Inés Moreno

Ruth Wakefield

                                                        Ruth Wakefield

Her full name was Ruth Graves Wakefield.

She was born in Massachusetts, United States in June 17, 1903

She died in the hospital of Massachusetts in January 10, 1977

She was an american chef, best known as the inventor of The
Toll House Cookie, the first chocolate cookie, in 1938 .

          

Wakefield was educated at Framingham State Normal School Department of Household Arts. There, she worked as a dietitian and lectureed about food. In 1928, she and her husband Kenneth Donald Wakefield had a son. in 1930, she and her husband  bought a tourist lodge

in the town os Whiteman,Massachusetts . It was a place where passengers has historically paid            toll ,changed horses and ate home-cooked meals .When the Wakefields opened their business,              they named the establishment the Toll House Innn. Ruth cooked and served all the food and                soon gained local fame for her lobster dinners and desserts.

Ruth Wakefield invented chocolate chip cookies by accident, when she ran out of pastry                      chocolate and decided to add ordinary chocolate, winch
didn´t melt well in the oven. The Toll House Crunch Cookies,
mentioned in local and well-know newspapers. The mothers sent  them to the soldiers and they spread out and got to know each other. They were sold in local shops.
Nestle found out and they wanted to buy this original recipe.
                                                       Ruth Wakefield gave her creation
 to Nestle. She could have retired, but she didn´t. She only asked
 for a dollar, that her original recipe, her name appear on Nestle   cookie and Nestle chocolate production boxes for free until the   end of her days.
 The company continues to live up to its end of the bergain. Ruth       Wakefield´s heirs continue to live off the fortunes of their        ancestors. It is rumoured that the Wakefiel restaurant received free chocolate for the rest of its life. 

         

Links: datosfreak.org
grandesproductos.com/foodnews

               https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Graves_Wakefield

                                                                                                        By Lucía Mata and Sofía Aguilar 

Helen Murray Free

HELEN MURRAY FREE 

Helen Murray Free was born January 20, 1923 in Pittsburgh but now she lives in Indiana. He is an American citizen and is still alive at 95 years old.

She received President Obama's National Medal for Technology and Innovation in 2009 

STUDIES

Helen attended public school in Youngstown, Ohio, and graduated in 1941 as the best high school student at the Polish Seminary.

Influenced by her high school English teacher, she wanted to specialize in English and Latin because she wanted to become a teacher but these plans soon changed. 

In December 1941, when Pearl Harbor was bombed, many men either enlisted them or were recruited into the army. Because of this, women were encouraged to change their studies and Helen changed her major to chemistry. 

INVENTION

Urine test strips  

Helen Murray Free her discovery was an inicator for detecting glucose, she worked with urine tests, including a brand called Clinistix in 1956, these tests detected glucose, Ketone and Bilirubin. Helen Free, along with her husband Alfred, created the test strips that are used worldwide to monitor diabetes by revealing the presence of glucose in the patient's urine. These are strips a few millimetres wide,full of chemicals, which when in contact with the compounds in the urine react to any pathological change. 

In 1956, Helen Murray Free launched the first colorimetric test strips under the name Clinistix, a major breakthrough in the rapid and effective analysis of glucose concentrations in urine. 

These tests have been important not only in urine tests, but also in blood studies. 

  

YEARS LATER

After retirement, she became an active promoter of science education. She has devoted special attention to the education of disadvantaged women and students, through programs such as "Kids & Chemistry" and "Expanding Your Horizons". 

 

AWARDS

• Garvan–Olin Medal (1980) 
• Kilby Award (1996) 
• National Inventors Hall of Fame (2000) 
• National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2009)by President Barack Obama 
• She served as president of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry in 1990 and in 2006 received its prestigious award for Outstanding Contributions to Clinical Chemistry.
• In 1993 she was elected president of the American Chemical Society.The ACS named an award in her honor, the Helen M. Free Award in Public Outreach.

REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free

https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/helen-murray-free/

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/diagnosticteststrips.html

                                                                                                 By: Candela Guajardo León